Diagnostic Test Related Musculoskeletal System Health And Social Care Essay

Diagnostic Test Related Musculoskeletal System Health And Social Cargon EssayBoth of these rear end reveal levels of confused minerals and other substances indicating disease or a musculoskeletal disorder. The levels of certain protein in the blood may in any case help diagnose a disease. Blood and water supply samples are the most common tests used to diagnose problems within the musculoskeletal system. Also, prior to surgery, blood samples are used to detect bleeding tendencies. Urinary N-telopeptide of eccentric person 1 collagen or N-Tx and deoxypyridinoline (Dpd) both reflects increase osteoc go bad activity and increased bone resorption.b. Nerve Conduction StudiesIt is used to measure the electrical activity of ponderositys when a tendon fiber contracts to determine if the muscles and nerves are working properly. It is performed by stimulating a peripheral nerve at several points along its course and record the muscle action potential or the sensory action potential tha t results. Usually, surface or needle electrodes are used. It is placed on the skin everyplace the nerve to stimulate the nerve fibers. A technique called truax biography will show nerve conduction patterns, which changes in various muscle and nerve diseases.c. resource ProceduresX-Ray StudiesBone X-Rays determines the bone density, erosion, and changes in bone relationships. It is used to diagnose broken bones or peg dislocations, course orthopaedic surgery much(prenominal) as spine rep transmission line or infusion, assist in detection and diagnose of bone cancer, and locate foreign objects around soft tissues and in bones. pin X-Rays reveal fluid irregularity, spur formation, narrowing and changes in reciprocal structure. It is used to detect degenerative conditions on the articulates, fractures, and tumors. Multiple X-Rays with multiple views are also needed for full assessment of the structure being examined.Computed TomographyIt is used to identify the location and ex tent of fractures in areas that are difficult to evaluate such as acetabulum. It can be performed with or without the use of contrast agents and can illustrate a detailed item plane of involved bone and can also reveal tumors of the soft tissues or injuries to the ligaments or tendons.Magnetic Resonance ImagingIt can demonstrate ab prevalentities such as tumors and narrowing of tissue pathways through with(predicate) the bone. It is a noninvasive procedure and electromagnets are used that is why patient roles with any metal implants, clips or pacemakers cannot have an MRI. IV contrast agent are used to kick upstairs visualization.ArthrographyIt identifies acute or chronic tears of the fit capsule or supporting ligaments of the knee, shoulder, ankle, hip, or wrist. A radiopaque contrast agent or air is used. It is injected into the joint cavity to visualize the irregular surfaces. The joint will be put through its ROM to distribute the contrast agent accompanied by a series of X- Rays. If the contrast agent leaks, it means a tear is present.2. Discuss musculoskeletal changes associated with the aging process.Aging leads to changes in balance, cartilage and bone tissue. The normal aging process does not need to have limited movements. Mobility is affected by personal lifestyle and the degree of activity that the individual has maintained throughout their life. Although, rough of the limitations of mobility occurs as a result of fear, such as fear of falling.a. Changes in BalanceThe maintenance of balance relies on integrating responses from the visual system, vestibular system in the inner ear and the proprioceptors in the muscles and joints. And with aging, older people requires greater angular movement in joints for proprioception to be achieved.b. Cartilaginous ChangesThere is hurt in the normal elastic properties of cartilage delinquent to an increase in water loss and deposition of fibers. The increased fiber density in joining tissue and cartilage p roduces a mesh or interconnection for the deposition of calcium. And this accounts fot the increased calcification of cartilage with aging. The hyaline cartilage also loses fluid and is converted to fibrocartilage. The articulary cartilage changes with the elasticity being lost. Thinning occurs over the weight bearing areas which affects functioning such as the changes in the menisci of the knee joint that will inhibit free movement. The loss of water from cartilage in the intervertebral discs leads to compaction of the vertebrae and shrinkage of the spinal anaesthesia column, which is seen as a loss in height. Many joint of the body becomes stiffened with aging. The height loss is also affected by joint changes and by the flattening of the arc of the foot.c. Bone ChangesOsteoporosis is a normal aging process as the androgen decreases. It is an imbalance between bone reabsorption and formation. If it is severe, it may cause fractures and may lead to bowing of the long bones and to an increase in spinal curvature due to vertebral collapse.3. Discuss patient preparation for an arthroscopy.Arthroscopy is a procedure used to directly visualize a joint to diagnose joint disorders. Various treatments can also be performed through the arthroscope such as treatment of tears, defects, and disease processes.Arthroscopy is most a lot performed as an outpatient procedure. It is a essentially a bloodless procedure with publicly few complications. It is performed in the operating room under sterile conditions. Injection of local anesthesia into the joint or general anesthesia, a spinal or epidural anesthesia is used. The patient should be able to tolerate the anesthetic agent used. Heart and lung function should be adequate. subsisting problems such as emphysema should be optimized as possible prior to surgery. Anticoagulants should be carefully adjusted prior to surgery if the patient is taking them.Preoperatively, strong-arm examination, blood tests and urinalysis wil l be performed. If the patient has a history of heart or lung problems, and is above the age of 50, an ECG and chest X-ray is obtained. The patient should also have instruction on exercises and postoperative mobilization such as crutch walking. Patients are generally encouraged to mobilize the affected part future(a) surgery with adequate analgesia.4. Discuss components of a musculoskeletal physical assessment.a. PostureSpine is assessed for normal curvature. It is convex through the thoracic portion and concave through the cervical and lumbar portions. Kyphosis, lordosis and scoliosis are common deformities of the spine. Kyphosis is mostly seen in elderly patients with osteoporosis and in some with neuromuscular disease. The entire back, buttocks and legs should be exposed during inspection of the spine. Spinal curves and trunk symmetry are inspected from posterior and lateral views. Differences in the height of the shoulders or iliac crest are noted. unison of the shoulders and hips, line of the vertebral column are inspected at erect position and patient bending forward. Height should be measured especially in adults because in older adults, loss of height occurs due to loss of vertebral cartilage and osteoporosis.b. GaitHave the patient walk away for a short duration and observe the patients gait for smoothness and rhythm. Unsteadiness and irregular movements which are frequently seen in elderly patients are abnormal.c. Bone IntegrityDeformities and alignments are assessed in the scraggy skeleton. Symmetric parts are compared. Abnormal bone growths are observed. Shortened extremities, amputations, and body parts that are not in anatomical alignments are documented. If fractures are present, movement must be minimized to avoid additional injuries and some may include abnormal angulation of long bones, motion at points other that joints and crepitus.d. articulation FunctionROM, deformity, stability and nodular formation are noted. ROM is done both activ ely and passively. Goniometer can be used for precise measurement of ROM. If the joint is compromised or painful, it should be examined for effusion, swelling and increase in temperature for it may reflect active inflammation. If there is positive inflammation on the joints, a physician is consulted. tactual exploration of the joint go it is in passive movement will provide information on joint integrity. The joint normally moves smoothly snap or crack indicates a ligament is slipping over a bony prominence. The slightly roughened surfaces results in crepitus. Tissues around the joints are examined for nodule formation. The size of it of the joint is often exaggerated by atrophy of the muscle proximal and distal to that joint which is seen in rheumatoid arthritis.e. heftiness Strength and SizeMuscular strength and coordination, size of individual muscles, and patients ability to change position are assessed. Muscle tone is determined by palpating the the muscle while passively m oving the relaxed extremity while muscle strength is assessed by having the patient perform certain maneuvers with and without added resistance. Muscle clonus may also be elicited by sudden, forceful, sustained dorsiflexion of the foot or extension of the wrist. Involuntary twitching of muscle fiber groups may be observed. The girth of an extremityis measured to monitor increased size. It may decrease due to muscle atrophy. It is important that the measurement be taken at the same location of the extremity and with the extremity in the same position, with the muscles at rest. Distance from a specific landmark must be indicated. Variations in size greater than 1cm are considered significant.f. SkinSkin is inspected for edema, color, and temperature. tactual exploration is performed to reveal if any areas are warmer which suggests increased perfusion of inflammation, or vice versa. Cuts, bruises, skin color, and evidence of decreased circulation or inflammation are noted.g. Neurovasc ular StatusFrequent neurovascular examination is important for patient with musculoskeletal disorders due to the risk for tissue and nerve damage. Circulation, motion and sensation are assessed.SOURCESBrunner and Suddarths textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing 12th discrepancyJulia Kneale et. al. (2005) Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing 2nd EditionClinical Assignment1. Complete a musculoskeletal physical assessment.a. Temporomandibular jointInspectionNo swelling3 fingers can be inserted sidewaysPalpationNo swelling and affectionBoth side firm, same strengthThere was a snap during openingMuscle strengthThe jaw can move in all directions and can move against resistanceb. Cervical spineInspectionNeck is straight and head is erectPalpationNo swelling and tendernessNo spasmsBoth side firm, same strengthPatient was able to do the following flexion, extension, lateral bending and rotationMuscle strengthCan oppose resistance utilizec. Thoracolumbar spineInspectionNo deformityVertically align edPalpationNo swelling and tendernessNo spasmsPercussionNo tendernessMuscle strengthCan flex, extend, laterally bend and rotate spineCan oppose resistance appliedd. Upper extremitiesInspectionNo deformity on both sidesSymmetrically alignedNo deviationsPalpationNo swelling and tendernessNo spasmsNo atropyFat pads fairly solidNo synovial thickeningPercussionNegative tinels signMuscle strengthCan perform ROM in shoulders, elbows, wrists and handsCan oppose resistancee. Lower extremitiesInspectionNo deformity on both sidesSymmetrically alignedNo deviationsPalpation hip to(predicate) joint not swollenNo swelling and tendernessNo spasmsNo atrophyMuscle strengthCan perform ROM in shoulders, elbows, wrists and handsCan oppose resistanceWeb Assignment1. Summarize an article discussing techniques used in assessing the musculoskeletal system. How do the components of the health history guide the assessment?http//www.medkaau.com/videos/peguide.pdfThere are general and regional considerations in the article. The general considerations are as follows the patient should be undressed and gowned as needed, some parts of the exams may not be appropriate depending on the clinical situation. Examining the musculoskeletal system is all about anatomy. When taking the patients history for acute problems, we should forever and a day inquire about the mechanism of injury, loss of function and onset of swelling or edema. Also, the initial treatment should be imploreed. Meanwhile, when taking the patients history for chronic problems, we should ask the patient about past injuries and treatments, effect of function, and current symptoms. There are cardinal signs of musculoskeletal disease which are pain, swelling, redness, increased warmth, deformity, and loss of function. We should always grow with inspection, palpation, and ROM regardless of the region being examined. A complete evaluation will include a focused neurologic exam of the affected area.IPPA is outgrowth used in examina tion then active and passive ROM exercises in specific joints. After this, vascular status, pulses, capillary refill, erythema, cyanosis, clubbing, and lymphatic are assessed. The last things to be examined are the specific tests for Upper Extremities Snuffbox Tenderness, Drop Arm Test, Impingement Sign, Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Test, and Flexor Digitorum Profundus. And these are the vascular and neurologic tests Allen Test, Phalens Test, and Tinels Sign. And these are for the lowe extremities Collateral Ligament Testing, Lachman Test, forward/Posterior Drawer Test, Ballotable Patella, and Milking the Knee. For the Back are the following tests Straight Leg Raising, FABER Test which stands for Flexion, ABduction, and External Rotation of the hip. It is used to differentiate hip or sacroiliac joint pathology from spine problems.