PROGRAM KERJA Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

PROGRAM KERJA Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers PROGRAM KERJA PROGRAM SEKOLAH SEHAT, AMAN, RAMAH ANAK, DAN MENYENANGKAN Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP) SMP NEGERI 6 PEMULUTAN DINAS PENDIDIKAN KABUPATEN OGAN ILIR TAHUN 2015 - 2016 PROGRAM KERJA LEMBAR PENGESAHAN PROGRAM SEKOLAH SEHAT, AMAN, RAMAH ANAK, DAN MENYENANGKAN SMP NEGERI 6 PEMULUTAN TAHUN 2015 - 2016 Disusun oleh: Ketua Komite Sekolah Kepala SMP N 6 Pemulutan Penanggungjawab Program Mulkan, S.Pd. Drs. Jop Ginting NIP. NIP. 196610201998021001 Mengesahkan a.n. Kepala Dinas Pendidikan Kab. Ogan Ilir u.b. Kabid SMP/SMA/SMK Kasi Kurikulum Marsudi, S.Pd., M.M. Pembina NIP. 196702031991031005 RENCANA KEGIATAN PENGEMBANGAN SEKOLAH SEHAT, AMAN, RAMAH ANAK, DAN MENYENANGKAN A. LATAR BELAKANG Sekolah adalah rumah kedua bagi anak. Di tempat inilah orang tua mempercayakan anak-anaknya untuk di didik menjadi orang-orang yang sukses dan bermanfaat bagi agama, orang tua, masyarakat, bangsa dan negara. Sejuta impian orang tua untuk masa depan anak-anaknya diserahkan kepada sekolah. Bagaimanapun, sekolah merupakan tempat terbaik selain di rumah untuk proses perkembangan anak. Tidak heran jika gerakan membangun sekolah pada hakikatnya adalah upaya membangun generasi emas, unggul secara akademis maupun non akademis. Pendidikan sebagai upaya dalam membentuk manusia Indonesia seutuhnya adalah mutlak keberadaannya. Suatu bangsa tidak akan pernah bisa melepaskan atau mengabaikan masalah pendidikan. Artinya Pendidikan sangat penting dalam membawa suatu bangsa menuju kejayaan, keberadaban dan kemuliaan. Sebagai wujud tanggung jawab pendidik terhadap generasi yang akan datang, sepantasnyalah perlu memberikan teladan serta pendidikan yang baik dan bertanggung jawab. Saat ini dunia seakan khawatir dengan kondisi alam yang sangat mempengaruhi kelangsungan hidup makhluk yang ada di muka bumi. Dunia telah berubah dengan adanya kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang membawa dampak terhadap lingkungan hidup. Eksploitasi sumber daya alam secara besar-besaran telah membawa dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan hidup. Banjir, tanah longsor, kekeringan, pemanasan global, dan masih banyak lagi peristiwa-peristiwa alam sebagai akibat dari kecerobohan manusia dalam berperilaku yang tidak peduli lingkungan. Atas dasar itulah pemerintah RI terus berupaya mengembalikan fungsi sekolah pada khitahnya, yakni sebagai tempat yang menyenangkan, sehat, aman, dan ramah bagi siapa saja. Sekolah harus terus didorong menjadi tempat mengasah, mengasih, dan mengasuh peserta didik. Sekolah pula harus didorong untuk terus memperbaiki diri dalam upaya memaksimalkan fungsinya sebagai ruang belajar dan wahana interaksi berbagai manusia dengan budaya dan agama yang berbeda, sehingga sekolah benar-benar menjadi tempat yang mampu menampung semua elemen tanpa memandang status agama, ras, budaya, status sosial, status ekonomi, dan jenis kecerdasan ataupun kemampuan yang dimiliki peserta didik. Jika demikian, maka sekolah akan menjadi rumah yang menyenangkan; guru-guru akan menjadi orang tua yang baik yang selalu dirindukan kehadirannya; sedangkan peserta didik menjadi anak yang seallu merindukan sekolah dan kehadiran para guru dan warga sekolah lainnya. Upaya untuk mengajak dan mengembaikan fungsi sekolah secara hakiki ini dapat disebut sebagai gerakan pencerahan, selain dimulai dari dunia pendidikan juga memiliki visi besar membangun peradaban bangsa Indonesia. Dengan begitu upaya mengembalikan hakiki sekolah dapat dimulai dengan Gerakan Sekolah Sehat, Aman, Ramah Anak, dan Menyenangkan. Menyadari hal tersebut, gerakan ini perlu dilaksanakan di sekolah-sekolah dengan mengandalkan partisipasi warga sekolah. Agar gerakan ini dapat terlaksana secara terkoordinasi, dan dapat mencapai sasaran dan tujuan yang diharapkan, maka perlu disusun sebuah program kerja sebagai acuan kerja warga sekolah khususnya, dan pihak-pihak lain yang terkait khususnya pemangku kepentingan yang peduli terhadap kemajuan sekolah. B. DASAR HUKUM Landasan hukum kegiatan ini adalah: Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 32 Tahun 2013 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 19 Tahun 2005 tentang Standar Nasional Pendidikan. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 48 Tahun 2008 tentang Pendanaan Pendidikan. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 17 Tahun 2010 tentang Pengelolaan dan Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 17 Tahun 2010 tentang Pengelolaan dan Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan. Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional Nomor 39 Tahun 2008, tentang Pembinaan Kesiswaan. C. TUJUAN / MANFAAT Maksud kegiatan ini adalah dalam rangka menyebarluaskan pengetahuan, pemahaman, dan langkah-langkah dalam menyelenggarakan gerakan sekolah yang sehat, aman, ramah anak, dan menyenangkan. Secara khusus tujuan dari gerakan ini adalah sebagai berikut: Membantu warga sekolah dan warga sekitar sekolah dalam memahami berbagai informasi tentang gerakan sekolah sehat, aman, ramah anak, dan menyenangkan. Membantu warga sekolah dan warga sekitar sekolah dalam memahami cara menyusun dan melaksanakan rencana kegiatan Gerakan tersebut di sekolah masing-masing. Membantu warga sekolah dan warga sekitar sekolah dalam memahami dan menguasai cara melaksanakan evaluasi dan pelaporan pelaksanaan kegiatan. Membantu warga sekolah untuk memahami tentang hal-hal yang harus dipenuhi, dijamin dan perlindungan yang harus diberikan kepada siswa. Mengetahui

Management consulting-To what extent is it realistic to expect Essay

Management consulting-To what extent is it realistic to expect consultancies to act ethically - Essay Example Consulting is defined as a practice that involves use of multiple talents and expertise to help solve issues in organizations. In the present business environment business consultants have a very important role that provides them with a good influential position in an organization. This has given rise to many ethical aspects that have emerged after a series of frauds that have come to light recently over the few years (Wang, 2008, p.56). The recent case of Mr. Rajat Gupta involved in a series of corporate frauds and unethical practices illustrates the aspect of unethical practices being used by consultants worldwide. The famous and influential consultant who happened to be the managing director of Mc Kinsey and Co illegally and unethically started a parallel consultancy that had his family members in the top management. Mr. Gupta reportedly indulged in unethical practices like leaking sensitive information and insider trading to get unexercised options worth 1.3 million dollars from GE’s subsidiary arm Genpact (Monadnock Research, 2011). It has also been reported that it is the middle management persons that are most often involved in cases of frauds and unethical practices in business organizations (Monadnock Research-a, 2011). ... In the age of capitalism it has often been stated that consultants and consultancies largely act as certifying agents. The auditors largely acted as an assurance agent for external investors and general public towards the aspect of ethicality and trustworthiness of the business organizations. This aspect in itself has given considerable powers and high status to the consultants who normally act as auditors for business organizations (Sikka, 2009, p.3). With the passage of time since the industrial revelation the world has seen many reforms that also include better surveillance and control by the regulatory authorities on public organizations as well as the financial institutions like banks and stock markets. The growth of business organizations was also followed by a commensurate growth in the consultancy industry. However the aspect of regulations and monitoring was completely absent for this sector that has perhaps led to the growth of unethical practices in the industry (Mahoney, 2011, p.5). The aspect of unethical aspect in the consulting industry has been often traced to the aspect of individualism in the industry. It is a common practice in the consulting industry to make individual consultants accountable for their activities that also includes the aspect of providing accolades for their performances. This has been identified as one of the major reasons for the growing influence of the consultants that in turn has given rise to unethical practise in the industry. This aspect of unethical means has also led to the growth of a popular feeling with regards to the trustworthiness of the consultants with regards to their practices in the industry (Mahoney, 2011, p.3). The trustworthy perception of

PEST Analysis on Financial Crisis As effecting the Essay

PEST Analysis on Financial Crisis As effecting the internationalization of the Fast Food Industry - Essay Example It got 9.5 out of 10- one of the highest ranks. The government is supportive of business ventures initiated by foreign investors and has created incentives like a strong pool of educated workforce, impeccable infrastructure and consistent policies to attract investments. The peaceful conditions also provide security of business for startups or franchises which expand into the nation. There is low tolerance of hard corruption within the Japanese culture and that is reflected in their government so there will not be unnecessary hassles or hurdles for investors looking to develop the market. The Nikkei Keizai Newspaper reported in 2010 that government of Japan was going to introducing preferential tax rates from foreign companies investing in Japan as one of the incentives, they have also established FAZ (Foreign Access zones) as a measure towards creating convenience and value for these investors. A Fast food industry would benefit from these policies like any other industry or firm op erated by foreigners; supply of equipment, raw material (for the actual food) and transport of necessary technology or resources will be easier as well. Some effect on the emerging industry practices will also be from the â€Å"Antimonopoly Act (AMA)† set by the government which includes the Act on prohibition of private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade and several other stator laws. The intended purpose of the law is to discourage any single firm to have a hold on the pricing and supply of an industry- hence the fast food industry would be better served if instead of a single franchise, different franchises entered the market together. Furthermore, the â€Å"system of labour law operating in Japan† which includes the ‘employment agreement’, ‘independent contractor agreement’ or ‘mandate agreement’ might make operations difficult for the franchises which run on the US based system of hiring workers without long term ag reements. 2.2 Economic Conditions Japan is the third largest economy in the world and its economy depends on the international trade. According to 2011-2012 salary survey, the average annual income is about 3,611,556 JPY (48,000 USD).A lack of natural resources such as forests, agricultural plains, mineral deposits etc have forced Japan to build its economy on trade, to earn money to purchase the raw materials for the economy. Japan is the 5th largest importer and exporter in the world. It depends on importing certain commodities such as fuels, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles and raw material from several countries for its industrial sectors. But Japan has also cultivated a mature industrial economy by reserving industrial leaders and technicians and a well-educated and industrious workforce, promoting a culture of high savings and investment rate and intensive promotion of industrial development and foreign trade, making it one of the major importers of technology and electronic de vices in the world. Japan experienced the greatest rate of economic growth From 1960s to 1980s, known as the ‘post war economic miracle’

Cyber Attacks and Politics from a technological and security Essay

Cyber Attacks and Politics from a technological and security perspectives - Essay Example The act of cyber attack is commonly known as the computer network attack (CNA). Politics encompasses the manner in which a nation or political entity is being governed. The term is primarily concerned with the controlling and the administration of the internal and the external affairs of that particular entity. In addition, this term is also applicable in other institutions such as religious or academic with regards to how authority and power is exercised within them and the tactics as well as the methods applied in the formulation and application of policies for the organization. This paper will focus on establishing the cyber attacks acts and politics from either the technological or security point of view. The government of all nations should put in place effective cyber security measures. These should be specifically aimed at detecting and combating all acts of cyber attacks, especially cyber terrorism. This can be done by governments allotting adequate funds to the relevant entities such as the ministry of defense to enable it counter attacks such acts. Cyber security deals with the protection of information and information systems against the significant threats that global computer networks face. Some of these threats include cyber terrorism, cyber espionage and cyber warfare (Czosseck & Geers, 2009). These threats are mainly targeted towards the political, infrastructure and military assets of the nation or at other time people within it. Cyber security is a highly critical issue that nation’s government should enact appropriate strategies of security to handle (Macaulay, 2009). For instance, the federal government of the United State embarked on allotting more than $ 13 billion each year from the year 2010 to cater for the Cyber security. The reason why governments should be concerned with the issue of cyber security with regards to terrorism is because terrorists groups use the

Existentialism Is a Humanism Essay Example for Free

Existentialism Is a Humanism Essay My purpose here is to defend existentialism against several reproaches that have been laid against it. Existentialism has been criticised for inviting people to remain in a quietism of despair, to fall back into a the middle-class luxury of a merely contemplative philosophy. We are reproached for underlining human nastiness, and forgetting, as the Catholic Mme. Mercier has it, the smile of the child. All and sundry reproach us for treating men as isolated beings, largely because we begin with the I think of Descartes. Christians especially reproach us for denying the reality and seriousness of human society, since, if we ignore Gods eternal values, no-one is able to condemn anyone else. Existentialism is being seen as ugliness; our appeal to nature as scandalous, our writings sickening. Yet what could be more disillusioning than repeating those mottoes like dont fight against tradition, or know your station? They say that man is base and doomed to fall, he needs fixed rules to keep him from anarchy. In the end, is not what makes our doctrine so fearful to some merely the fact that it leaves all possibility of choice with man? It has become fashionable to call this painter, or musician or columnist an existentialist a term so loosely applied that it no longer means anything at all. However, it can be defined easily. Existentialists are either Christian, such as the Catholics Jaspers and Gabriel Marcel, or atheists like Heidegger and myself. What they have in common is to believe that existence comes before essence, that we always begin from the subjective. What does this mean? If one considers a manufactured object, say a book or a paper-knife, one sees that it has been made to serve a definite purpose. It has an essence, the sum of its purpose and qualities, which precedes its existence. The concept of man in the mind of God is comparable to the concept of paper-knife in the mind of the artisan. My atheist existentialism is rather more coherent. It declares that God does not exist, yet there is still a being in whom existence precedes essence, a being which exists before being defined by any concept, and this being is man or, as Heidegger puts it, human reality. That means that man first exists, encounters himself and emerges in the world, to be defined 1 Squashed version edited by Glyn Hughes: http://www. btinternet. com/~glynhughes/squashed/sartre. htm 1 afterwards. Thus, there is no human nature, since there is no God to conceive it. It is man who conceives himself, who propels himself towards existence. Man becomes nothing other than what is actually done, not what he will want to be. And when we say that man takes responsibility for himself, we say more than that he is in his choices responsible for all men. All our acts of creating ourselves create at the same time an image of man such as we believe he must be. Thus, our personal responsibility is vast, because it engages all humanity. If I want, say, to marry and have children, such choice may depend on my situation, my passion, my desire, but by it I engage not only myself, but all humanity in the way of the monogamy. In fashioning myself, I fashion man. This helps us to understand some rather grandiloquent words like anguish, abandonment, despair. The existentialist declares that man is in anguish, meaning that he who chooses cannot escape a deep responsibility for all humanity. Admittedly, few people appear to be anxious; but we claim that they mask their anguish, that they flee it. This is what Kierkegaard called the anguish of Abraham. You know the old story: An angel commanded Abraham to sacrifice his son. But anyone in such a case would wonder straight away, is this an angel? am I the Abraham? If we hear voices from the sky, what proves that they come not from hell, or the subconscious, or some pathological state? Who proves that they are addressed to me? Each man must say to himself: am I right to set the standard for all humanity? To deny that is to mask the anguish. When, for example, a military leader sends men to their deaths, he may have his orders, but at the bottom it is he alone who chooses. And when we speak about abandonment, we want to say that God does not exist, and that it is necessary to follow this conclusion to its end. The existentialist is strongly against that sloppy morality which tries to remove God without ethical expense, like the French professors of the 1880s who saw God as a useless and expensive assumption but still wanted definitive rules like do not lie to exist a priori. The existentialist, on the contrary, finds it rather embarrassing that God does not exist, for there disappears with him any possibility of finding values in a heaven. Dostoevsky wrote If God did not exist, everything would be permitted; that is the starting point of existentialism. We are alone, without excuses. That is what I mean when I say that man is condemned to be free. There is no power of beautiful passions which propel men to their actions, we think, rather, that man is responsible for his own passions. The existentialist cannot accept that man can be helped by any sign on earth, for he will 2 interpret the sign as he chooses. As Ponge has truly written Man is the future of man. To give you an example of this abandonment, I will quote the case of one of my pupils who came to me. He lived alone with his mother, his father having gone off as a collaborator and his brother killed in 1940. He had a choice to go and fight with the Free French to avenge his brother and protect his nation, or to stay and be his mothers only consolation. So he was confronted by two modes of action; one concrete and immediate but directed only towards one single individual; the other addressed to an infinitely greater end but very ambiguous. What would help him choose? Christian doctrine? Accepted morals? Kant? I said to him, In the end, it is your feelings which count. But how can we put a value on a feeling? At least, you may say, he sought the counsel of a professor. But, if you seek advice, from a priest for example, in choosing which priest you know already, more or less, what they would advise. When I was imprisoned, I met a rather remarkable man, a Jesuit who had joined that order in the following way: As a child, his father had died leaving him in poverty. At school he was made to feel that he was accepted only for charitys sake and denied the usual pleasures. At eighteen he came to grief in a sentimental affair and then failed his military examinations. He could regard himself as a total failure, but, cleverly, took it as a sign that the religious life was the way for him. He saw the word of God there, but who can doubt that the decision was his and his alone? He could as easily have chosen to be a carpenter or a revolutionary. As for despair, this simply means that we will restrict ourselves to relying only on our own will, or on the probabilities which make our action possible. If I am counting on the arrival of a friend, I presuppose that their train will be on time. But I am still among possibilities, outside my own field of action. No God, no intention, is going to alter the world to my will. In the end, Descartes meant the same, that we must act without hope. Marxists have answered Your action is limited by your death, but you can rely on others to later take up your deeds and carry them forward to the revolution. To this I rejoin that I cannot know where the revolution will lead. Others may come and establish Fascism. Does that mean that I must give up myself to quietism? No! Quietism is the attitude of people who say: let others do what I cannot do. The doctrine that I present is precisely the opposite: there is reality only in the action; and more, man is nothing other than his own project and exists only in as far as he carries it out. From this we see why our ideas so often cause horror. Many people have but one resource to sustain them in their misery; to think, circumstances were against me, I was worthy of better. I had no great love because I never met anyone worthy of me. I wrote no great book because I 3 had no time. I am filled with a crowd of possibilities greater than anyone could guess from my few achievements. But in reality, for the existentialist, there is no love other than that which is built, no artistic genius other than in works of art. The genius of Proust is the works of Proust. A man engages in his own life, draws his own portrait, there is nothing more. This is hard for somebody who has not made a success of life. But it is only reality that counts, not dreams, expectations or hopes. What people reproach us for here is not our pessimism, but the sternness of our optimism. If people reproach our writings, it is not because we describe humanity as frail and sometimes frankly bad, but because, unlike Zola whose characters are shown to be products of heredity or environment, you cannot say of ours That is what we are like, no one can do anything about it. The existentialist portrays a coward as one who makes himself a coward by his actions, a hero who makes himself heroic. Some still reproach us for confining man within his individual subjectivity. But there is no other starting-point than the I think, I am the absolute truth of consciousness, a simple truth within reach of everyone and the only theory which gives man the dignity of not being a mere object. All materialisms treat men as objects, no different in their being bundles of determined reactions than a table or a chair or a stone. We want to constitute a human kingdom of values distinct from the material world. Contrary to the philosophy of Descartes, contrary to the philosophy of Kant, we are discovering in the cogito not just ourselves but all others. We discover an intersubjective world where each man has to decide what he is and what others are. It is not possible to find in each man the universal essence called human nature, but there is a human universality of condition. Any purpose, even that of the Chinese, or the idiot or the child can be understood by a European, given enough information. In this sense, there is a universality of man; but it is not a given, it is something perpetually re-built. That does not entirely refute the charge of subjectivism. People tax us with anarchy; they say that you cannot judge others, because you have no reason to prefer one project to another. You give with one hand what you pretend to receive from the other. Let us say that moral choice is comparable to a work of art. Do we reproach the artist who makes a painting without starting from laid-down rules? Did we tell him what he must paint? There is no pre-defined picture, and no-none can say what the painting of tomorrow should be; one can judge only one at a time. 4 Amongst morals, the creative situation is the same, and just as the works of, say, Picasso, have consequences, so do our moral judgements. That student who came to me could not appeal to any system for guidance; he was obliged to invent the law for himself. We define man only through his engagement, so it is absurd to reproach us for the consequences of a choice. But it is not entirely true that we cannot judge others. We can judge whether choices are founded on truth or error, and we can judge a mans sincerity. The man who hides behind the excuse of his passions or of some deterministic doctrine, is a self-deceiver. And what if I wish to deceive myself? there is no reason why you should not, but I declare publicly that you are doing so. We will freedom for the sake of freedom. And through it we discover that our freedom depends entirely on the freedom of others, and that their freedom depends on ours. Those who hide their freedom behind deterministic excuses, I will call cowards. Those who pretend that their own existence was necessary, I will call scum. To the objection that You receive with one hand what you give with the other, that is, your values are not serious, since you choose them, I answer that, I am sorry, but having removed God the Father, one needs somebody to invent values. Things have to be taken as they are. One has reproached me ridiculing a type of humanism in Nausea, and now suggesting that existentialism is a form of humanism. The absurd type of humanism is to glory in Man the magnificent ascribing to all men the value of the deeds of the most distinguished men. Only a dog or a horse would be in a position to declare such a judgement. We cannot, either, fall into worshipping humanity, for that way leads to Fascism. But there is another humanism, the acceptance that there is only one universe, the universe of human subjectivity. Existentialism is not despair. It declares rather that even if God did exist, it would make no difference. 5.

Microsoft Hidden Files Essay example -- essays research papers

Introduction: There are folders on your computer that Microsoft has tried hard to keep secret. Within these folders you will find two major things: Microsoft Internet Explorer has been logging all of the sites you have ever visited -- even after you've cleared your history, and Microsoft's Outlook Express has been logging all of your e-mail correspondence -- even after you've erased them from your Deleted Items bin. (This also includes all incoming and outgoing file attachments.) And believe me, that's not even the half of it. When I say these files are hidden well, I really mean it. If you don't have any knowledge of DOS then don't plan on finding these files on your own. I say this because these files/folders won't be displayed in Windows Explorer at all -- only DOS. (Even after you have enabled Windows Explorer to "view all files.") And to top it off, the only way to find them in DOS is if you knew the exact location of them. Basically, what I'm saying is if you didn't know the files existed then the chances of you running across them is slim to slimmer. It's interesting to note that Microsoft does not explain this behavior adequately at all. Just try searching on microsoft.com.I know there are some people out there that are already aware of some of the things I mention. I also know that most people are not. The purpose of this tutorial is teach people what is really going on with Microsoft's products and how to take control of their privacy again. This tutorial was written by me, so if you see a mistake somewhere then it is my mistake, and I apologize. Thanks for reading. INDEX: 1) DEFINITIONS AND ACRONYMS 2) WHY YOU SHOULD ERASE THESE FILES 3) HOW TO ERASE THE FILES ASAP 3.1) If You Own Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.2) Clearing Your Registry 3.3) If You Own Outlook Express 3.4) Slack files 3.5) Keeping Microsoft's Products 4) STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE THROUGH YOUR HIDDEN FILES (For the savvy.) 1. DEFINITIONS AND ACRONYMS Well, the best definition I have been able to come up with is the following: I) A "really hidden" file/folder is one that cannot be seen in Windows Explorer after enabling it to "view all files," and cannot be seen in MS-DOS after receiving a proper directory listing from root. a) There is at least one loophole to enabling Windows Explorer to see ... ...de. ME users use a bootdisk.) Note that you must restart to DOS because windows has locked down some of the files and they can only be accessed in real DOS mode. 3) Type this in at prompt: CDWINDOWSTEMPOR~1CONTENT.IE5 CD %alphanumeric% (replace the "%alphanumeric%" with the first name that you just wrote down.) DIR/P The cache files you are now looking at are directly responsible for the mysterious erosion of HD space you may have been noticing. One thing particularly interesting is the ability to view some your old e-mail if you happen to have a hotmail account. (Oddly, I've only been able to retreive hotmail e-mail, and not e-mail from my other web-based e-mail accounts. Send me your experiences with this.) To see them for yourself you must first copy them into another directory and then open them with your browser. Don't ask me why this works. A note about these files: These are your cache files that help speed up your internet browsing. It is quite normal to use this cache system, as every major browser does. On the other hand. It isn't normal for some cache files to be left behined after you have instructed your browser to erase it.

Explain the psychological basis for well-being Essay

The literal meaning of Psychology from its Greek Etymology is â€Å"study of the soul†. A more contemporary definition from Chambers Dictionary is â€Å"science of the mind† or â€Å"the study of mind and behavior†. A fuller description is offered by the NHS â€Å"Psychology is a science based profession and is the study of people; how they think, how they act, react and interact. It is concerned with all aspects of behaviour and the thoughts, feelings and motivation underlying them†. The idea that there is a connection between the mind and well being can be traced back to Greek philosophers in the 4th Century BC. The Physician Hippocrates theorized that mental disorders were of a physical (rather than divine) nature. Aristotle investigated psychological phenomena in De Anima and a loosely related collection of short works called the Parva Naturalia It seems that early Greek Philosophers appreciated that a specialist study of the soul/mind could help the physician and natural scientist to better understand human physical existence. Psychology largely remained as a subset of Philosophy from it’s Greek origins through to the late 16th Century when the latin word ‘psychologia’ emerged in Germany in relation to a separate science of investigation and understanding of the mind.In 1694 the French Philosopher Rene Descartes published â€Å"The Passion of the Soul†. It introduced the idea of dualism, which asserted that the mind and body were two separate entities that interact to form the human experience. This publication directly influenced scientists such as the physician Steven Blankaart (1650 – 1704) to develop Empiricism within his scientific research and who is also credited as being the first author to use the English word Psychology. Psychology developed rapidly during the 20th Century and established many new disciplines such as Psycho Analysis, Behaviorism, Personal, Developmental, Humanist and Cognitive. The work of Sigmund Freud and his controversial model of Psychoanalysis exerted significant influence on the development of 20th Century Psychology, and in particular the Development and Personality Theorists. The Psychological theories that this essay will examine in detail arise from 2 different disciplines: Humanist Psychology – Abraham Maslow ‘Hierarchy of Needs’ Unit M2c 1.3 Developmental Psychology – Erik Erikson â€Å"Psychosocial Development† A brief review of Elizabeth Kubler-Ross 5 Stages of Grief is also included. This essay accepts the definition of wellbeing contained within health and social care standards:- â€Å"a subjective stage of being content and healthy†. Psychologists generally agree that wellbeing is multi-faceted and made up of a number of components including Social, Emotional, Cultural, Spiritual, Psychological, Physical, and Environmental. The value of the selected Psychological theories is that they bring a conceptual framework for understanding human development and personal growth from both Social and needsbased perspective. They provide, by implication, some ideas to hypothesize about a service users behavior in particular situations. This idea will be explored further at a later point in this essay. It’s important, however, to appreciate the limit to ones skill and not use a modest knowledge about Psychological Theory to ‘diagnose‘ a service user. Children’s Services has access to specialists such as Child Psychologists and sometimes a ref erral will be the most appropriate and safest decision to take. According to humanist psychologist Abraham Maslow, our actions and behaviours are motivated in order achieve certain needs. Maslow first introduced his concept of a hierarchy of needs in his 1943 paper â€Å"A Theory of Human Motivation† and his subsequent book Motivation and Personality. This hierarchy suggests that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs. This hierarchy is most often displayed as a pyramid. The lowest levels of the pyramid are made up of the most basic needs, while the more complex needs are located at the top of the pyramid. Needs at the bottom of the pyramid are basic physical requirements including the need for food, water, sleep, and warmth. Once these lower-level needs have been met, people can move on to the next level of needs, which are for safety and security As people progress up the pyramid, needs become increasingly psychological and social. Soon, the need for love, friendship, and intimacy become important. Further up the pyramid, the need for personal esteem and feelings of accomplishment take priority. Maslow emphasized the importance of self-actualization, which is a process of growing and developing as a person in order to achieve individual potential. Types of Needs Maslow believed that these needs are similar to instincts and play a major role in motivating behavior. Physiological, security, social, and esteem needs are deficiency needs (also known as D-needs), meaning that these needs arise due to deprivation. Satisfying these lower-level needs is important in order to avoid unpleasant feelings or consequences. Maslow termed the highest-level of the pyramid as growth needs (also known as being needs or B-needs). Growth needs do not stem from a lack of something, but rather from a desire to grow as a person. Physiological Needs These include the most basic needs that are vital to survival, such as the need for water, air, food, and sleep. Maslow believed that these needs are the most basic and instinctive needs in the hierarchy because all needs become secondary until these physiological needs are met. Security Needs These include needs for safety and security. Security needs are important for survival, but they are not as demanding as the physiological needs. Examples of security needs include a desire for steady employment, health care, safe neighborhoods, and shelter from the environment. Social Needs These include needs for belonging, love, and affection. Maslow described these  needs as less basic than physiological and security needs. Relationships such as friendships, romantic attachments, and families help fulfill this need for companionship and acceptance, as does involvement in social, community, or religious groups. Esteem Needs After the first three needs have been satisfied, esteem needs becomes increasingly important. These include the need for things that reflect on self-esteem, personal worth, social recognition, and accomplishment. Self-actualizing Needs This is the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Self-actualizing people are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others, and interested fulfilling their potential. Maslow subsequently revised his model to include stages of Cognitive and Aesthetic need that precede Self Actualization; and Transcendence that follows Self Actualization. While the theory is generally portrayed as a fairly rigid hierarchy, Maslow noted that the order in which these needs are fulfilled does not always follow this standard progression. For example, he notes that for some individuals, the need for self-esteem is more important than the need for love. For others, the need for creative fulfillment may supersede even the most basic needs. Whilst Maslow’s theory is subject to criticism due to a lack of scientific basis, it is still a popular model within Psychology and other fields such as Education. Regardless of the criticisms, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs represents part of an important shift in Psychology. Rather than focusing on abnormal behavior and development, Maslow’s humanistic Psychology was focused on the development of healthy individuals. Returning to the definition of wellbeing, it can be seen that Maslow has provided a model that recognizes and values the actuality of Social, Emotional, Cultural, Spiritual, Psychological, Physical, and Environmental needs and concerns. The relevance of this model to Social Care is that it separates out individual needs from the usual age-related development models such as Attachment Theory, and Psychodynamic models of Personality Development. It provides the practitioner with a simple tool to review the care that is being planned or provided for any age service user. For example – do we know that the service user has all of their physiological needs met? Can we be certain they have enough food to eat and somewhere appropriate to sleep? Do we know that their basic drives to eat, drink, sleep and excrete are all working normally? If the answer is YES – the practitioner can move up the pyramid and consider the service users safety needs. If the answer is NO – the immediate priority will to arrange basic physiological needs before considering anything else. This is certainly the experience of Camilla Batmanghelidj, CEO of the highly respected charity Kids Company, who understands that all children need love, food, safety and warmth before expecting them to do anything else. A practitioner experienced in working with Looked After Children will recognize that Esteem Needs are frequently an influence within the young person. It is widely recognised that LAC have low levels of self esteem and self confidence which in turn impact on t heir Cognitive (Academic) experiences. Maslow provides a very useful model to  establish Outcomes related to Social needs in order to create a stronger foundation for Esteem needs. Maslow, in this respect, chimes with common sense. How can we expect a young person to do well academically if they have low self esteem and do not feel loved and valued in their social world? Maslow clearly demonstrates that wellbeing has a Psychological basis and provides the practitioner with a model to develop positive outcomes for individuals. Erik Erikson – Psychosocial Development. Also known as the 8 stages of Development. Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-known theories of personality in psychology. Much like Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. Unlike Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson’s theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan. One of the main elements of Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction. According to Erikson, our ego identity is constantly changing due to new experiences and information we acquire in our daily interactions with others. When psychologists talk about identity, they are referring to all of the beliefs, ideals, and values that help shape and guide a person’s behavior. The formation of identity is something that begins in childhood and becomes particularly important during adolescence, but it is a process that continues throughout life. Our personal identity gives each of us an integrated and cohesive sense of self that endures and continues to grow as we age. In addition to ego identity, Erikson also believed that a sense of competence motivates behaviors and actions. Each stage in Erikson’s theory is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life. If the stage is handled well, the person will feel a sense of mastery, which is sometimes referred to as  ego strength or ego quality. If the stage is managed poorly, the person will emerge with a sense of inadequacy. In each stage, Erikson believed people experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in development. In Erikson’s view, these conflicts are centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the potential for failure. Each stage builds upon the successful completion of earlier stages. The challenges of stages not successfully completed may be expected to reappear as problems in the future. However, mastery of a stage is not required to advance to the next stage. Erikson’s stage theory characterizes an individual advancing through the eight life stages as a function of negotiating his or her biological forces and sociocultural forces. Erikson believed that the stages of a person’s development are linked to their social and cognitive development rather then being purely led by their physical needs. He was also interested in how the culture and society an individual lives in could influence their development.The following table, sourced from summarises the 8 Developmental Stages; the Basic Conflict that is to be mastered; Important Events of the Stage; and the potential Outcomes. One enduring value of Erikson’s theory is that it illuminates why individuals who have been thwarted in the healthy resolution of early phases (such as in learning healthy levels of trust and autonomy in toddlerhood) can experience such difficulty when the same Basic Conflict arises at later developmental stages. This is very apparent to practitioners working with Looked After Children who have been badly let down by care givers in their first years of life. There is frequently an issue of mistrust towards an individual practitioner and the entire service that is providing their care and support. It is widely recognized that the trust that may have taken weeks to establish can be lost in an instant. Erikson’s theory can provide an insight into the behavior of service users. For example disruptive behavior linked to new social or academic situations may indicate earlier issues in the Industry/Inferiority Stage. The skillful practitioner may wish to be mindful to always encourage and commend the young person for their accomplishments and abilities and ensure that colleagues and teachers are also involved in this process. The purpose will be to help the young person to develop a belief in their own competence rather than continue to feel a failure and inferior. Erikson’s theory also provides a useful guide to assess caring practices in terms of their ability to nurture and facilitate healthy emotional and cognitive development. Erikson clearly demonstrates that wellbeing has a Psychological basis and provides the practitioner with a model to develop positive outcomes for individuals. Elizabeth Kubler-Ross was a Swiss American medical practitioner and psychiatrist. She was a pioneer in near death studies and the author of a ground breaking book ‘On Death and Dying’ (first published 1969). The book discussed her theory of 5 Stages of Grief. Kubler-Ross was born in 1926 and died in 2004. The 5 stages of grief is a hypothesis which argues that when a person is faced with the reality of impending death or other extreme, awful fate, he or she will experience a series of emotional stages: denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. The stages are popularly known by the acronym DABDA. The hypothesis was inspired by her work  with terminally ill patients. Motivated by the lack of curriculum in medical schools, at the time, addressing the subject of death and dying, Kubler-Ross  started a project about death when she became an instructor at the University of Chicago’s medical school. This evolved into a series of seminars; those interviews, along with her previous research, led to her book. Her work revolutionized how the U.S. medical field took care of the terminally ill. In the decades since her book’s publication, Kubler-Ross’ concept has become largely accepted by the general public; however, its validity has yet to be consistently sup ported by the majority of research studies that have examined it. Kà ¼bler-Ross noted that these stages are not meant to be a complete list of all possible emotions that could be felt, and, they can occur in any order. Her hypothesis holds that not everyone who experiences a life-threatening/-altering event feels all five of the responses, as reactions to personal losses of any kind are as unique as the person experiencing them. The 5 stages include: Denial — â€Å"I feel fine.†; â€Å"This can’t be happening, not to me.† Denial is usually only a temporary defense for the individual. This feeling is generally replaced with heightened awareness of possessions and individuals that will be left behind after death. Denial can be conscious or unconscious refusal to accept facts, information, or the reality of the situation. Denial is a defense mechanism and some people can become locked in this stage. Kubler Ross recommends that family members and health professionals not prolong denial by distorting the truth about the person’s condition. In doing so, they prevent the dying person from adjusting to impending death and hinder necessary arrangements, for social supports, for bringing closure, and for making decisions about medical interventions. Anger — â€Å"Why me? It’s not fair!†; â€Å"How can this happen to me?†; ‘†Who is to blame?† Once in the second stage, the individual recognizes that denial cannot continue. Because of anger, the person is very difficult to care for due to misplaced feelings of rage and envy. Anger can manifest itself in different ways. People can be angry with themselves, or with others, and especially those who are close to them. It is important to remain detached and nonjudgmental when dealing with a person experiencing anger from grief. Bargaining — â€Å"I’ll do anything for a few more years.†; â€Å"I will give my life savings if†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The third stage involves the hope that the individual can somehow postpone or delay death. Usually, the negotiation for an extended life is made with a higher power in exchange for a reformed lifestyle. Psychologically, the individual is saying, â€Å"I understand I will die, but if I could just do something to buy more time†¦Ã¢â‚¬  People facing less serious trauma can bargain or seek to negotiate a compromise. For example â€Å"Can we still be friends?..† when facing a break-up. Bargaining rarely provides a sustainable solution, especially if it’s a matter of life or death. Depression — â€Å"I’m so sad, why bother with anything?†; â€Å"I’m going to die soon so what’s the point?†; â€Å"I miss my loved one, why go on?† During the fourth stage, the grieving person begins to understand the certainty of death. Because of this, the individual may become silent, refuse visitors and spend much of the time crying and grieving. This process allows the dying person to disconnect from things of love and affection. It is not recommended to attempt to cheer up an individual who is in this stage. It is an important time for grieving that must be processed. Depression could be referred to as the dress rehearsal for the ‘aftermath’. It is a kind of acceptance with emotional attachment. It’s natural to feel sadness, regret, fear, and uncertainty when going through this stage. Feeling those emotions shows that the person has begun to accept the situation. Acceptance — â€Å"It’s going to be okay.†; â€Å"I can’t fight it, I may as well prepare for it.† In this last stage, individuals begin to come to terms with their mortality, or that of a loved one, or other tragic event. This stage varies according to the person’s situation. People dying can enter this stage a long time before the people they leave behind, who must pass through their own individual stages of dealing with the grief. Kà ¼bler-Ross originally developed this model based on her observations of  people suffering from terminal illness. She later expanded her theory to apply to any form of catastrophic personal loss, such as the death of a loved one, the loss of a job or income, major rejection, the end of a relationship or divorce, or drug addiction. Supporting her theory, many (both sufferers and therapists) have reported the usefulness of the Kà ¼bler-Ross Model in a wide variety of situations where people were experiencing a signiï ¬ cant loss. The application of the theory is intended to help the sufferer to fully resolve each stage, then help them transition to the next – at the appropriate time – rather than getting stuck in a particular phase or continually bouncing around from one unresolved phase to another. The subsections below give a few speciï ¬ c examples of how the model can be applied in different situations. These are just some of the many beneï ¬ ts that Kà ¼ bler-Ross hoped her model would provide. The value of the Kubler-Ross Model for the social care practitioner is, as with Ericsson and Maslow, to provide a useful framework to to better understand the behavior and emotional reality of a service user. Furthermore, it is intended to be a collaborative model that the practitioner and the service user can discuss together. Conclusion All of the Theories demonstrate that wellbeing has a Psychological basis. They each demonstrate that â€Å"a subjective stage of being content and healthy† is related to the history of a person’s life and their current situation. They provide the creative practitioner with a framework to better understand the behavior of a service user and are therefore better equipped to consider their immediate and long term care to ensure positive outcomes. Bibliography http://www.nhscareers.nhs.uk/explore-by-career/psychological-therapies/careers-inpsychological-therapies/psychologist/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arist otle-psychology/#7 http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Krstic/marulic.htm http://psychology.about.com/od/historyofpsychology/a/psychistory.htm http://psychology.about.com/od/psychology101/u/psychology-theories.htm http://www.ekrfoundation.org/five-stages-of-grief/