Exceptional Guidelines for a Literature Review Format

What is a literature review? A literature review is not an annotated bibliography in which you briefly summarize each article youve reviewed. Well, a summary of what youve read is contained in the literature review, but it goes way beyond just summarizing professional literature. A literature review mainly focuses on specific topics youre interested in, giving a critical analysis of the subject concerning different issues and thereafter, relating the research done with your work. It could be done as a single paper or maybe a theoretical framework and criteria for a research study; more like a dissertation or thesis. Step by Step Guide on How to Format a Literature Review Do you know how to format a literature review? This is step by step guide very useful to use for your literature review format. Weve gone a step further and integrated some of the tools that would be helpful and that you might need in the process of organizing and understanding how to format a literature review. We also have links to guide you to where you can get more help on literature review format guidelines. Besides the guides that were going to give you, it is also crucial that you locate some of the literature review format examples in your field of study to get a clear understanding of what literature review truly is. Review the APA Guidelines Make an Order What is a literature review APA? It is vital that before you go ahead with your literature review paper format that you read through and understand the common core elements to consider on literature review format APA. To be precise, pay close attention to the general document guidelines (e.g., the expected font, spacing, margins), abstract, body, quotations, text citations and even more, title page. Choose a Specific Topic This will help you narrow down on your research. For instance, it will be of great importance if your topic of choice is the same one youre going to do in your final M.E.d. Project or to some extent related to your final project. In as much, youre free to choose any topic you see fit. Identify the Literature Youre Interested in Reviewing Go a step further and acquaint yourself with some of the online databases and select the databases that are relevant to your field of study. Be careful to use only relevant databases; you can go ahead and use the Google Scholar to help you with your search. Consider the following tips: Experiment with different searches. Redefine your topic; if maybe the topic is too broad. Identify classic studies or landmark and theorists to provide you with a basic framework of what your study expects. Careful Analysis of the Literature Youve already identified the articles you need to review, now go ahead and analyze. A brief overview of the articles; Skim the pieces to have an idea of the general purpose and content of the article. Quick tip, as you read the articles, note down some of the essential points for future references. Define key terms. Highlight the vital statistics you need to use in your article review format introduction. Choose some of the quotations you might want to use. Of note, direct quotations must be accompanied by references and quote only when you think some essential meaning would be lost in translation. Each article focuses on different aspects, therefore, note emphasis, strengths, and weaknesses. Look out for the major trends and patterns; make notes of patterns over time as reported in the literature. Look out for gaps in the text and reflect on their existence. Be keen on relationships between studies; address these relationships in your writing and discuss their relevant studies. Focus entirely on your topic. Do a reference evaluation for currency coverage; you can always find more articles on your topic but you ought now to decide at what point youre done collecting resources and now need to focus on your writing. Your reference list should be up to date. Summarize the Literature Review Using a Concept Map or Table Format In your article review format, tables could come in handy to help you organize an overview and summarize your findings. If you choose to include tables in your literature review format, then you must accompany it with an analysis that summarizes, interprets and digests the literature you charted in the table. Use Microsoft Word to create a table, or you can first create the table in Excel and then on completing, go ahead and import the Excel sheet into Word. Excel enables you to sort findings according to Variety. Some of the tables includes: Key concepts and terms Research methods Research results summary Digest the Literature Before Writing the Review Make an Order This is where the notes and summaries you made are of help. Using the above, develop a review paper format outline. Consider your voice and purpose before you begin How to reassemble your notes Come up with a topic outline that supports your argument Reorganize notes according to argument paths Within topics, look out for areas that need more research Plan to summarize, present conclusions and impacts, and different directions for future research purposes. Writing the Review Know the broad problem area Indicate the importance of the topic being reviewed Distinguish your research findings from other information sources and be specific on your time frame For citations, identify them as such. On issues you wont be discussing, refer the reader to reviews Justify your comments and avoid long lists on nonspecific references All relevant resources must be cited Always have a conclusion; how you end the review depends on your reason for writing. For instance, for stand-alone reviews, you need to make clear how the content in your review supported the proposition or assertion made in the introduction. Conclusion It is essential to understand the literature review format APA guidelines before you go ahead with your article review format. Do you now know what is a literature review APA? Follow this guide, and youll be well on your way to formatting an excellent literature review.

Contemporary Labor Economics Book Summary

Contemporary Labor Economics Book Summary The book, â€Å"Contemporary Labor Economics† by McConnell, Brue, and Macpherson discusses comprehensive issues surrounding labor economics and variable that interact within its parameter. Factually, the authors are specific on theoretical perspectives, trial of these theories and presentation of their results in an interesting gesture.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Contemporary Labor Economics†: Book Summary specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Chapters seven, eight, nine, and ten dwell in compensation analysis, wage structure, mobility and unionization of labor variable and their effect in perfect and imperfect markets based on different assumptions. Thus, this reflective treatise attempts to explicitly review these chapters and identify specific issues discusses by the authors on compensation analysis, wage structure, mobility and its components, and unionization variables. Besides, the paper ide ntifies assumptions presented by these authors and how the same can be related to the contemporary labor market behavior. Chapter Seven The main topic of discussion in this chapter is the operation of fringe benefits and variable that affects it when being portioned to total compensation effect. Fringe benefits and wage earnings are identified as the main components of compensation summation. However, fringe benefits are apportioned a larger share in the total compensation matrix due to the fact that their influence has experienced a consistent growth over the last decade in the labor market. These fringe benefits are classified as social security, unemployment compensation and employee’s compensation for every unit of labor given. In classification, these fringe benefits assume the form of insurance benefits, paid leaves, and legally acquired benefits to a worker for every unit of labor delivered against the revenue realized. Besides these, retirement benefits and savings ar e included in the summation of the fringe benefits accrued by a worker. However, the type and form of fringe benefits are never universal. Rather, they are influenced by the type of industry in which labor operates, ration and occupational groups. This is due to the fact that governments and other agencies have introduced laws and regulations aimed at pushing for higher and reliable compensation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In most instances, the authors opine that blue collar employees have a larger share of the legally, construed benefits than their counterparts in white collar jobs as redistribution economics operate. In a bid to extrapolate this relationship, the authors discuss the theory of optimal fringe benefits as a certain reason for the experienced growth over the last decades. Reflectively, the variables interacting within the parameters of this the ory are leisure and income within the normal indifference curve. Consequently, the resulting isoprofit curve becomes flexible to different bundles of budget constraints that might be present at each level of computation. Further, the authors assert that indifference curve is a product of various fringe benefits and wage rates that interact simultaneously to yield same utility level for each worker. When all other factors are held constant, higher swing of the indifference curve indicate higher levels of utility. Irrespective of the inclination of the indifference curve, it is apparent that levels of tax advantage determine the resultant fringe benefit accrued. Specifically, to support this notion, the authors prove that benefits accrued from pension plans are taxable upon confirmation of receivership by an employee. Besides, the principle, dividends and interest which are part of the summation of pensions, are best achieved through pretax accumulation on the fringe benefits. The aut hors identify the need for intrinsic substitution as a component of the decision science aimed at managing the fringe benefits. In such case, the forgone alternative would be forfeiting leisure related savings for health and pension needs which are characterized as basic for every worker. The adoption of this thought is influenced by the fact that basic needs are more critical than the secondary needs in the matrix of fringe benefits. Besides, the long term effects of purchasing the basic needs is greater than that of opting to acquire secondary needs upfront.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Contemporary Labor Economics†: Book Summary specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another important concept addressed by these authors is the employer’s isoprofit curve. This curve addresses the interaction between labor efficiency and pay schemes. This curve measures the wages and fringe benefits as they interact at every level of the profit baseline. Tax advantages to employers, scale of economies, and efficiency are major factor that led to growth of fringe benefits. Therefore, as fringe benefits increase, the authors opine that workers utility will increase in the same ratio. In drawing the curve, the initial assumptions are that the market operates within a normal profit margin in total employment and product market as part of the overall compensation effect per worker. Generally, the authors are optimistic that substantial changes for each cluster of wages and benefits are negligible within the ‘employer’s isoprofit curve’. The same relationship functions in the Wage-Fringe optimum. As performance and pay interact in the labor market, the authors indicate that there is a proportional relationship between performance and pay for each unit of labor given to a firm (principal) against the compensation offered. Unbalance relationship between pay and performance may resu lt in principal-agent problem which might culminate in under utilization of labor units since the agent (employee) may opt to increase leisure through reduced efforts in work. In order to avoid this unwanted scenario, the authors propose different forms of incentive compensation such as tournament pay, royalties, profits, and bonuses plans. In most cases, employers control these incentives and limit them as a fraction of the total revenue after factoring cost of production and each labor unit. When implementing these incentive plans, it is important to concentrate on personal performance bonuses as opposed to team bonuses which promote joyride attitude among workers since the process has no specific measure for distributing incentives. The firm can also opt for equity compensation under which employees are encouraged to take ownership of the firm in form of stocks.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When implanting compensation plans, it is important for the firm to consider the efficiency of each labor unit against the wage payments. These units should be quantified in line with performance targets and revenue accrued. In order to achieve this, the authors propose introduction of regulatory agents such as supervisors who work alongside the employees. As a result, the fractional reduction of labor cost per unit on the budget of an employer is referred to as the resultant wage efficiency matrix. This matrix is dependent on homogeneous labor inputs wages at market-clearing parameters. Conclusively, this chapter introduces the aspect of theories in explaining the interaction between compensation and efficiency of labor units within and without the equilibrium. Chapter Eight The wage structure forms the main topic of discussion in this chapter. Reflectively, the authors state that equilibrium and transitional wage differentials offer valid explanation on the elicit labor differenti al persistence in the labor markets. Interestingly, the authors relate homogeneous jobs to perfect competition within the labor market. In the ideal, workers will have limited option apart from changing jobs until optimal satisfaction is achieved through creation of a theoretical balanced characterized by identical wage payment across same industry. However, in reality labor wage rate variances are persistent in both empirical and casual rates despite the theoretical balance. These variances are attributed to inconsistency between casual and empirical wage rate reviews. The authors state that nonwage factors such as fringe benefits, job location, job status, wage advancement prospects, earnings regularity, and risk of death or injury in a job have substantial influence on supply decisions since they form part of wage differentials. Consequently, their intrinsic influence forms part of the overall wage differentials that are part of the generated labor supply effect. Skills and exper ience are as important as the nonwage factors on wage differentials. In the ideal scenario, that is, all other factors are held constant, when there is a decision crisis involving review of wages in a production line, a rational employer would opt for increasing wages paid to highly skilled workers an employee retention strategy. The rate of wage increase will be higher for the highly skilled than what the low skilled counterparts eventually get. Efficiency of wage theories offers a better explanation on the above scenario. These theories are based on the same notion that higher turnover of labor units translate into higher wages paid, even though the ratio may not be proportional in perfect and imperfect labor markets. Besides, labor environments with limited quantifiable variables for reviewing performance are a recipe for high wages given to employees since the principal may not be in a position to measure efficiency of each labor unit against wage compensation. Further, the auth ors concur that heterogeneous workers are responsible for the continuous wage disparities since the group competes on the nonwage aspects of work within a varying stock capitals that are of human nature. Consequently, the quantifiable result would be unbalanced labor preferences within differing market consistency on every unit of labor. The authors propose hedonic theory of wages to classify this form of interaction between workers that have wage preference variances when interacted with ideal job amenities of nonwage nature. The most likely effect would be the standard labor market’s inability to churn wage differentials that are sustainable for employees sharing similar capital stocks of human nature and counterparts with varying capital stocks of human nature. Market information placement in presented as another vital determinant of wage differentials. Market information influences the behavior of the labor market, its efficiency, and optimal operation. Thus, imperfect an d costly market labor information is a major contributor towards persistent labor differentials at micro and macro levels of the labor market. Besides, when their effect is long term, then outcome may assume the form of long-lasting differential wage imbalances that are transitional from a period to another. Consequently, wage structure immobilites such as institutional, geographic, and institutional may last longer than usual. Reflectively, these immobilites are clear indicators of differences in wage rates within a similar industry for workers with same educational level, skills, and experience. Chapter Nine The baseline issue of this chapter is the determinants of mobility and their influence on labor market variables. The two major types of mobility are categorized as occupational geographical mobility. Reflectively, occupational mobility depends on labor units and profession of the worker. On the other hand, geographical mobility is influenced by location and change of the same due to changes in geographical location of labor provision environment. In the process of changing occupational and geographical location, the underlying decision science is the overall effect of the same on capital structure of a worker. Generally, overall expected outcome is measured as a ratio of total cost of investment on the relocation. For instance, transportation expenses, psychic costs, and forgone income during transition form part of the cost matrix. The main factors that influence every geographical pr occupational migration are family status, distance, educational level, likelihood to move, and age of the worker. The chances of moving and age are often inversely proportional since older people prefer a settled life than younger people. Family status and education attainment share a positive relationship with mobility forces in the labor markets. However, likelihood of movement and distance to cover share a negatively skewed relationship to mobility intentions. Specific ally, the unemployed have a more likelihood to migrate than the employed. In addition, when the destination exhibits higher chances of unemployment, then movement towards that location may be very minimal in the mobility decision framework. As a variable of the market labor mobility, efficiency in ‘allocative’ contributors is significant in balancing distribution of labor units between low and high employment values. Reflectively, then value of marginal product determines forms the regulatory effect on perfect competition and costless movement. The two components will swing until the regulator balances for employments sharing sale efficiency on ‘allocativeness’. However, this interaction holds in a labor market with perfect knowledge of all determinant variables operating in a similar employment industry. Due to similar experience, skills, and educational attainment, the wage rates are likely to balance as the regulator moderate the two determinant variable s at constant mobility parameter. Despite the perfect regulation, several interacting externalities are identified as determinants of migration ease. As a result, these externalities are associated with minimization of gains realized on the migration efficiency matrix. The worst case occurs when pecuniary externalities interact with ‘allocative efficiency’ to further minimize these gains. The authors propose wage differentials to balance the effect of these externalities. In different labor markets, wage differentials generate a recurring capital and product flows that interact concurrently to initiate an equalized balance on wages in long term. Besides, it minimizes the extent of labor migration. Adopting a comparative statistics, the authors present data on the position immigrations related to labor within America at more than half a million annually. Interestingly, this figure upsurges yearly. Due to an influx of the illegal immigrants in the labor market, the author s conclude that they are responsible for the depressed wage rates in the casual labor market. However, their influence is inconsequential, especially at macro level of the labor market. Chapter Ten Labor unionization is the main topic of discussion in this chapter. As a result of industrialization, the authors assert that labor management moved from being individual oriented to a group issue. The process occurred gradually has spread across the entire labor markets across the world. Labor unions command the ratio of 1:9 of the entire world workforce. That is, for every ten workers, one has been unionized. The comparative study indicates that productive industries boast of stronger labor unions than service provision counterparts. The same relationship is indicated in public verse private entities. The former commands better organized labor unions than the latter. This chapter indicates that determinants of ease of unionization include race, age, and gender. Reflectively, male worker s belong to more unions than their female counterparts. Therefore, the more enlightened population in urban industries are likely to being to a labor union than their coworkers in remote rural settings due to dynamics of urban settlement. The three key components of a typical labor union include the peak line consisting of an organ entrusted with formulating protection policies and pushing for their implementation with employers. The middle part of the labor union triangle comprises of an organ that negotiates with individual employers on better terms for their members and check the excesses of their principal. The baseline of the labor union triangle comprises of agents entrusted with the duty of recruiting more members and offering legal advice. The survival of labor unions is currently under threat due to the dynamics of a modern workplace. As nations pass laws to protect employees, the role of labor unions has been greatly reduced. Besides, interaction between the domestic outpu t and demographic structure has made it difficult for labor unions to operate smoothly. In addition, modern employees have introduced effective public relations programs among their employees who have better avenues for expressing their grievances within moments without necessarily politicizing every conflict. Besides labor union characteristics, the paper identifies two union models, that is, monopoly union model and ideal model. Under the monopoly union model, the underlying assumption is that the union is responsible for setting the most appropriate wage rates as the firm controls the union’s employment level on the preset wage rate. Reflectively, this scenario shows that wages are likely to increase as employment levels decline at perfect market interaction parameter. However, the efficiency and practicality of this model is faulted by the authors since it may prove difficult to strike a balanced relationship between the wage rate setters and employment level regulator. I n most case, there is a higher chance that one person may reap absolute benefits as the other party is reduced to a worst-off position. Reflectively, the ideal model is a moderator of the monopoly model. Also referred to as the efficient contract model, this model offers collective bargain opportunity for the two parties over employment level and wage rates. Since it is a flexible model, both the principal and the agent are given an opportunity to balance their offers before striking a compromise deal. For instance, the union can lower supply of labor, increase demand for labor and negotiate an equilibrium wage bargain for its members. On the other hand, the principal (employer) has the options of controlling labor supply in order to operate within pareto efficiency brackets. In conclusion, this chapter identifies conflicts that are predominant in the interaction between the employer and trade union. These conflicts are theorized in the accident strike model which explains the alter native conflict resolution route when the parties cannot reach an agreement. Therefore, asymmetric information model offers the best explanation for conflict resolution without biasness when the principal and the agent differ.

Political Significance of the News Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political Significance of the News Media - Essay Example The central point in our paper will try to close upon the actual significance of news media in registering and reflecting the socio-political transitions against a global mirror. By comparing and contrasting the viewpoints of the libertarian socialist Noam Chomsky, who concentrates on the aspect of totalitarianism practised by the radio stations, television, newspapers and cables in the name of global voice and that of the Glasgow Media Group, which adapts a somewhat open approach to critically define the nature of media coverage by the developed part of the world. There is an astonishing disparity between the news and the story featured by most of the popular media groups for public presentation, thereby manipulating the political discourse in an unprecedented manner. Keeping this in mind, we will take the discussion ahead with the similar and contrasting views on News Media of Noam Chomsky and the Glasgow Media Group. Noam Chomsky has been one of the leading authorities on linguistics, political thought and philosophy of the 20th century. Always known for his unique thoughts, Chomsky has written a great deal about the role of mass media in a democratic state. Asserting that the world of the News Media was dominated by the rich and the wealthy, Chomsky highlighted the narrowness of perspective of this medium (Stark, 1998). In discussing about the media, Chomsky further pointed out that newspapers which reached the masses at large, have witnessed a dwindling of their significance with the sudden surge of the television. With televised news and advertisements being controlled by the wealthy corporate, newspapers have become costlier to the regular reader. Chomsky raised his voice against this very 'corporatisation' of the media. Instead of serving as a strong vehicle of providing real news, the media has almost become a money making machine. Depriving the common man of stirring social and political problems and belittling other important issues, (Scannell, et al, 279), the media has simply become a marketing tool, catering to the needs of the so-called buyers and sellers. Press conferences have attained an unprecedented significance, supplying news continuously, in turn publicizing the role of the government and other business groups. Talking about world politics, Chomsky mentioned that the media championed the U.S government policies, underlining the benevolence of the country. Moving away from these sycophantic assumptions, Chomsky described the role of the News media in analyzing US foreign policy. The news media was strongly influenced by government policy making (Institute of Communication Studies, 2001). In Chomsky's words, the U.S. foreign policy was marked by unique patterns. Adding on to the four freedoms, which Roosevelt propagated during the World War II, of speech, worship, want and freedom from fear, Chomsky spoke of a fifth freedom in U.S. foreign policy. He called this freedom, the right to rob and exploit. Chomsky and co-author Hermann affirmed that the U.S. encroached upon the human rights of a few dependant economies,

The current national security structure of the united states Essay

The current national security structure of the united states - Essay Example nsists of both statutory members who are President, the Vice President, the Secretary of State, and the Secretary of Defense and statutory advisers who are the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) and the Director of Central Intelligence. National security and defense authority rests with the President and the Secretary of Defense as his principal assistant who is responsible for the military departments and their efficient operation. The National Command Authorities (NCA) represented by the President and Secretary of Defense direct the execution of military action and movement of troops. The Departments of Defense is responsible for maintaining Armed Forces to ensure effective military action, the security of the United States as well as advance of the national policies and interest of the United States. DOD is composed of Secretary of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff DOD Staff, 16 Defense Agencies, DOD field activities, military departments and combatant commands. The national security in 21th century was shaken by September, 11 terrorist attacks which questioned the security of U.S borders and its citizens. World known date altered the vision of national security and since then many changes were set in motion to protect border security and still welcome guests in the U.S. The most difficult thing about these changes was keeping the balance between stronger security and facilitating travel and commerce development. (Rice & Chertoff, 2005) As the border protection must be balanced against the demand for the free flow of commerce, Congress tasked the Department of Homeland Security not only with protecting the borders, but also â€Å"ensuring the speedy, orderly, and efficient flow of lawful traffic and commerce.† (Homeland Security Act) Creation of the Department of Homeland Security along with other important bodies like the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, the Homeland Security Council, the National Counterterrorism Center, and U.S.

Political Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Political Theory - Essay Example Different scholarly works feature what justice is to some historical people. For instance, Aristotle is one philosopher who aims at claiming and establishing sobriety within the helm of justice. His philosophical works of Plato also play the part in the context of determining the viability of being moral. The essay aims at discussing the problem of morality and the appropriate ways to consider justice within all contexts of life, especially that of political leadership. It will consider the significant and distinctive ideologies issued by the subject philosophers and compare with the understanding about the entire scenario. Scholarly evidence indicates that there are different approaches to morality, especially with respect to practicing of justice. There are myriad scenarios where morality counts. For instance, the leadership and practice of professional activities such as medicine require utmost practice of morality. Arguably, their myriad scenarios call for different approaches towards achieving moral standards (Abramson, 2009). Moral standards ought to be detached from any other influence. Such inference can be supported by the Plato’s and Aristotle’s concepts regarding morality. One of the character traits of being moral is observing unobstructed justice. However, there are some contradicting issues regarding how one ought to take or consider being moral. â€Å"Socrates in shorter order will teach him that justice is a different and higher virtue than friendship, that justice in fact operates as a moral brake on what one can do to help friends, family and country.†( Abramson, 2009) The political arena considers distinctive approaches towards morality. Different political literature features some historical or philosophical derivations of what the art of morality entails. Thus, the issue ends with a situation of where

Opinions on Referral Guidelines from Audiology to ENT

Opinions on Referral Guidelines from Audiology to ENT

Why Most Convicted Criminals are Young, Male and Working-Class :: Free Essay Writer

Why Most Convicted Criminals are Young, Male and Working-Class Official crime statistics show that young, working-class males commit most crime. The following are some reasons that I can think of to explain these generalisations. Young ===== I think young people commit crime as they are out of the age group when their parents closely supervise them. Their curfews may have been extended and parents tend to give them a bit more space, privacy and freedom. They are no longer treated as children but are denied the same rights and responsibilities as adults. This can make them feel deprived of status in society and suffer from what sociologists call status frustration. This simply means that they are frustrated their lack of independent status in society. They are also at the stage when their friends are an important part of their (social) life. They want to impress their mates as well as searching for thrills and status among the peer group. Their peer group provides them some support on things to do with school and family and therefore become of great significance. The majority of young people lack responsibilities that include having children, keeping a job and financial demands such as rent or mortgage. The lacking of responsibilities such as these as well as looking for thrills among the peers can often glide young people in the direction of deviant acts that sometimes collide with the law. They might give up these criminal careers, as they grow older due to things such as marriage, parenthood, buying and looking after a home of their own etc. Another reason for why young people engage in crime could be due to the fact that their parents and teachers can no longer control their behaviour. Some sort of breakdown of behaviour control at home and at school may have occurred. These are the only explanations I can find for why a lot of criminals are young. Their offences usually involve trivial things like shoplifting, under-age drinking and are usually peer group related.